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Tuesday, July 26, 2011
Get the Trial & Real SPM 2011 EXAM TIPS with answers
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Senarai Tajuk Karangan Peperiksaan UPSR Tahun-tahun Lepas - Sekolah Kebangsaan ( Penulisan) sepanjang tahun 1991 – 2007
Syarahan: Perlunya Murid-murid Mematuhi Peraturan Sekolah
Dialog: Cara-cara Mengindahkan Kawasan Sekolah
Gambar tunggal / Cerita: Aktiviti Perkhemahan
Fakta: Peristiwa yang Tidak dapat Saya Lupakan
Fakta: Cara-cara Mengembirakan Ibu Bapa
Surat Tidak Rasmi: Pengalaman di tempat baru
Cerita: Peristiwa yang Tidak dapat Saya Lupakan
Keperihalan: Jika Saya Ada Wang Banyak
Laporan: Lawatan
Dialog: Cara-cara Menjaga Kesihatan Badan
Syarahan: Faedah Bersukan
Melengkapkan Cerita: Kebakaran / Kegiatan Pembakaran Secara Terbuka
Cerita: Cerita Aneh / Ganjil Yang Kamu Tahu
Keperihalan: Sambutan Hari Kebangsaan
Surat Rasmi: Menyatakan Sebab-Sebab Tidak Dapat Hadir Ke Sekolah
Fakta: Cara-cara Menjaga Kebersihan dan Tempat Tinggal
Fakta: Faedah Membaca
Dialog: Perbualan tentang kejayaan
Ucapan: Majlis Mengenang Ibu Bapa
Syarahan: Pentingnya Kerjasama di Kalangan Murid
Cerita: Pengalaman lewat ke sekolah dan perkara yang dilakukan
Perbahasan: Belajar berkumpulan adalah lebih baik dari belajar sendiri
Laporan: Mesyuarat Penubuhan Kelab Buku
Cerita: Hilang ketika pesta dan perkara yang dilakukan pada masa itu.
Ucapan: Sambutan Hari Guru
Surat Tidak Rasmi: Persediaan menghadapi UPSR
Cerita: Tindakan membantu orang tua yang terjatuh di atas jalan raya
Laporan: Gotong – royong
Surat Rasmi: Memohon Mengguna Dewan
Cerita: Tindakan yang diambil setelah mendengar jeritan di padang
Cerita: Hari Penyampaian Hadiah
Syarahan: Menghormati Orang Tua Amalan yang Mulia
Melengkapkan Cerita: Mengakhiri Cerita ”…Namun demikian, peristiwa itu tetap dalam ingatanku hingga ke hari ini.”
Berita: Hari Kanak-kanak Peringkat Sekolah
Surat Tidak Rasmi: Mengajak kawan menyertai aktiviti semasa cuti sekolah
Cerita : Membantu rakan yang kehilangan wang
Fakta: Faedah Mengikuti Kelas Tambahan
Dialog: Kejayaan kawan anda sebagai peserta terbaik sukan tahunan sekolah
Cerita: Menceritakan pengalaman menghadapi situasi kawan yang tercedera ketika kelas Kemahiran Hidup
Fakta: Faedah membaca
Laporan: Laporan perkhemahan unit beruniform
Melengkapkan cerita: Mengakhiri cerita ”….peristiwa itu menjadi kenangan dan tidak mudah kulupakan.”
Aktiviti: Gambar bersiri (2 gambar) Suasana di pasar
Catatan: Kem motivasi UPSR
Perihal / Gambaran: Berkelah bersama keluarga
Temu ramah / wawancara: Temu bual dengan kawan yang menang pertandingan bercerita
Pengajaran: Kemalangan dalam rumah – adik pecahkan barang kakak
Gambar bersiri: (1 gambar) Suasana di kantin
Ucapan: Penjagaan kesihatan / Majlis meraikan kejayaan /Lawatan
Perbualan: Sebagai seorang murid yang baik
Gambar bersiri: ( 1 gambar)Suasana di dewan
Berita: Melengkapkan cerita / Kebaikan jiran – jiran / Pertandingan melukis ( Hari Kemerdekaan )
Nilai: Terjumpa sebuah dompet.
Ramalan Soalan BM SPM & PMR 2011
BAHASA MALAYSIA SPM 2011– KERTAS 1
BAHAGIAN A
- Permainan tradisional atau
- Industri pelancongan
BAHAGIAN B
1. Peranan generasi cemerlang
2. Kepentingan hutan dalam kehidupan
3. Manfaat membaca dalam kalangan masyarakat
4. Peranan keluarga dalam membentuk anak-anak yang berguna
5. Sastera
BAHAGIAN C
- Persoalan / Konflik
BAHASA MALAYSIA PMR 2011 – KERTAS 2
BAHAGIAN A
- Pencemaran / Kepentingan Sungai / Air atau
- Pertanian / Pelancongan
BAHAGIAN B
1. Cara-cara mengatasi disiplin pelajar
2. Modal Insan dan peranan keluarga
3. Amalan murni dalam kalangan masyarakat
4. Kesesakan / kemalangan jalanraya
5. Sastera
BAHAGIAN C
- Teknik plot / Pengajaran
Sunday, July 24, 2011
Blood Circulation and Transport
Introduction to function of Heart
The role of the heart is to pump oxygen-rich blood to every living cell in the body. In order to achieve its goal, it must continuously beat for a person’s entire lifespan. Because of its vital role, a non-beating heart always results in death. The human heart beats approximately 80,000 to 100,000 a day and pumps almost 2,000 gallons of blood. This means that in a person’s life lasting 70 to 90 years, the heart beats approximately two to three billion times and pumps 50 to 65 million gallons of blood. Because the heart is so essential for human sustenance, it is made up of a muscle different from skeletal muscle that allows it to constantly beat.
In order for the heart to deliver oxygenated blood to all cells, blood is pumped through arteries. Veins bring deoxygenated blood cells to the lungs, which then are oxygenated, and then sent back to heart. In this way, a continuous cycle is formed of the heart pumping oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood out to their designated destinations, and therefore the heart maintains the circulatory system.
Systole: Stage when the ventricles of heart are contracting resulting in blood being pumped out to the lungs and the rest of the body.
- Thick, muscular walls of both ventricles contract.
- Pressure rises in both ventricles, causing the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to close. Therefore, blood is forced up the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
- The atria relax during this time. The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein, and the right atrium from the vena cava.
Diastole: Stage when the ventricles of the heart are relaxed and not contracting. During this stage, the atria are filled with blood and pump blood into the ventricles.
- Thick, muscular walls of both ventricles relax.
- Pressure in both ventricles falls low enough for bicuspid valves to open.
- The atria contract, and blood is forced into the ventricles, expanding them. The blood pressure in the aorta is decreased, therefore the semi-lunar valves close.
In order for the heart to deliver oxygenated blood to all cells, blood is pumped through arteries. Veins bring deoxygenated blood cells to the lungs, which then are oxygenated, and then sent back to heart. In this way, a continuous cycle is formed of the heart pumping oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood out to their designated destinations, and therefore the heart maintains the circulatory system.
Systole: Stage when the ventricles of heart are contracting resulting in blood being pumped out to the lungs and the rest of the body.
- Thick, muscular walls of both ventricles contract.
- Pressure rises in both ventricles, causing the bicuspid and tricuspid valves to close. Therefore, blood is forced up the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
- The atria relax during this time. The left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary vein, and the right atrium from the vena cava.
Diastole: Stage when the ventricles of the heart are relaxed and not contracting. During this stage, the atria are filled with blood and pump blood into the ventricles.
- Thick, muscular walls of both ventricles relax.
- Pressure in both ventricles falls low enough for bicuspid valves to open.
- The atria contract, and blood is forced into the ventricles, expanding them. The blood pressure in the aorta is decreased, therefore the semi-lunar valves close.
Saturday, July 23, 2011
The Effects Of Smoking On The Human Respiratory System
AIM :To study the effects of smoking on the human respiratory system
MATERIALS : Cigarettes, white cotton wool, hydrogen carbonate indicator
APPARATUS : U-Shaped tube, filter pump, test tube, rubber stopper, retort stand and clamp, rubber connecters, thermometer
PROCEDURE
1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the figure above.
2. Lighted up the cigarette. The filter pump is turned on to suck the smoke.
3. The observation of the temperature, white cotton wool and litmus solution is recorded.
OBSERVATIONS
Thermometer - The temperature increases
White cotton wool - Changes to yellow black
Litmus solution - Changes from purple to red
Questions:
1. What does the cotton wool in the U-tube represent?
Lung
2. What is the function of litmus solution?
To show that cigarette smoke is acidic
3. What are the substances in cigarette smoke that cause the cotton wool and litmus solution
change colour?
Tar and carbon monoxide
4. What can you conclude about the effects of cigarette smoking?
Cigarette smoke contain heat that increases the temperature of the lungs, tar
that blackens the lung , and acidic gases that corrode lung cells.
MATERIALS : Cigarettes, white cotton wool, hydrogen carbonate indicator
APPARATUS : U-Shaped tube, filter pump, test tube, rubber stopper, retort stand and clamp, rubber connecters, thermometer
PROCEDURE
1. The apparatus was set up as shown in the figure above.
2. Lighted up the cigarette. The filter pump is turned on to suck the smoke.
3. The observation of the temperature, white cotton wool and litmus solution is recorded.
OBSERVATIONS
Thermometer - The temperature increases
White cotton wool - Changes to yellow black
Litmus solution - Changes from purple to red
Questions:
1. What does the cotton wool in the U-tube represent?
Lung
2. What is the function of litmus solution?
To show that cigarette smoke is acidic
3. What are the substances in cigarette smoke that cause the cotton wool and litmus solution
change colour?
Tar and carbon monoxide
4. What can you conclude about the effects of cigarette smoking?
Cigarette smoke contain heat that increases the temperature of the lungs, tar
that blackens the lung , and acidic gases that corrode lung cells.
Respiration
Why do you need to breathe?
- To live
- To get energy
All the cells in your body require oxygen. Without it, they couldn't move, build, reproduce, and turn food into energy. In fact, without oxygen, they and you would die! Breaking of glucose with the present of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and energy is something tested in PMR exams.
Glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy
How do you get oxygen? From breathing in air which your blood circulates to all parts of the body.
How do you breathe?
You breathe with the help of your diaphragm and other muscles in your chest and abdomen. These muscles literally change the space and pressure inside your body to accomodate breathing. When your diaphragm pulls down, it not only leaves more space for the lungs to expand but also lowers the internal air pressure. Outside, where the air pressure is greater, you suck in air in an inhale. The air then expands your lungs like a pair of balloons. When your diaphragm relaxes, the cavity inside your body gets smaller again. Your muscles squeeze your rib cage and your lungs begin to collapse as the air is pushed up and out your body in an exhale.
So, it all starts at the nose?
Yup. About 20 times a minute, you breathe in. When you do, you inhale air and pass it through your nasal passages where the air is filtered, heated, moistened and enters the back of the throat. Interestingly enough, it's the esophagus or foodpipe which is located at the back of the throat and the windpipe for air which is located at the front. When we eat, a flap -- the epiglottis -- flops down to cover the windpipe so that food doesn't go down the windpipe.
So -- back to breathing -- the air has a long journey to get to your lungs. It flows down through the windpipe, past the voice box or vocal cords, to where the lowermost ribs meet the center of your chest. There, your windpipe divides into two tubes which lead to the two lungs which fill most of your ribcage. Inside each of your sponge-like lungs, tubes, called bronchi, branch into even smaller tubes much like the branches of a tree. At the end of these tubes are millions of tiny bubbles or sacs called aleoli. Spread out flat, all the air sacs in the lungs of an adult would cover an area about the third of a tennis court.
What do these sacs do?
They help perform an incredible magic act. Your air sacs bring new oxygen from air you've breathed to your bloodstream. They exchange it for waste products, like carbon dioxide, which the cells in your body have made and can't use.
How does this exchange work?
With the help of the red blood cells in your bloodstream. Your red blood cells are like box cars on train tracks. They show up at the sacs at just the right time, ready to trade in old carbon dioxide that your body's cells have made for some new oxygen you've just breathed in. In the process, these red blood cells turn from purple to that beautiful red color as they start carrying the oxygen to all the cells in your body.
But what happens to the carbon dioxide?
It goes through the lungs, back up your windpipe and out with every exhale. It's a remarkable feat, this chemical exchange and breathing in and out. You don't have to tell your lungs to keep working. Your brain does it automatically for you.
Factoids
Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways and over 300 million alveoli.
Every minute you breathe in 13 pints of air.
Plants are our partners in breathing. We breathe in air, use the oxygen in it, and release carbon dioxide. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Thank goodness!
People tend to get more colds in the winter because we're indoors more often and in close proximity to other people. When people sneeze, cough and even breathe -- germs go flying!
In summary student need to understand how and why air enters the lungs during inhalation and why and how it leaves the lungs during exhalation.
This must be memorized by students
a) 5 steps during inhalation and exhalation
b) Structure of lungs which consists of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles and alveolus.
5 steps in inhalation
a) external intercostal muscles contract while internal set relaxes.
b) Diaphragm contracts and flatten
c) Ribs cages moves upwards and outwards. This increase volume of thoracic cavity and decreasing the pressure.
d) Pressure in lungs is lower than the atmospheric pressure.
e) Air from outside enters the lungs
1 nose
A nose is a nose is a nose. Smelling, tasting and breathing all start here. The size, location, mucous lining and tiny hairs (cilia) inside help prevent foreign objects to enter and to trap large air impurities before being drawn further into the respiratory system. Achooo! Out with the bad... bugs and carbon dioxide.
2 mouth
Mouth breathing can also be remembered as 'the big gulp', or 'plan 'B'' for air entry. Like the nose, it has many functions. It is the starting point of the digestive system as well as a secondary inhaler and exhaler.
3 larynx
The larynx has three main functions: 1) a passageway for air, 2) a valve to close off the air passage from the digestive one (the epiglottis) like a hinged trap door, and 3) as a voice box.
This is only for information and will not be testing in PMR
4 lung
The lungs are the essential organs of respiration. The main function of the lungs is to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen and vice versa. Each lung is enclosed separately within two membranes, like a balloon inside a bag inside a bag.
5 right bronchus ^^ There are 2 main bronchi (Latin plural of bronchus): the right and left, each leading to a lung. If you accidentally breathe, or aspirate, a very small piece of food that gets past the trachea, it is most likely to fall and be pulled into the right main bronchus. If a peanut gets this far, what do you think could happen?
6 diaphragm This muscular structure acts as a floor to the chest (thoracic) cavity as well as a roof to the abdomen. It helps to expand and contract the lungs, forcing air into and out of them.
7 pharynx* The pharynx is shared with the digestive system from the tongue down to the epiglottis. Food goes on down the esophagus and air passes on through the trachea - but never both at the same time!
8 trachea* ^^ This armored tube allows air to pass beyond the larynx to where it divides into the left and right bronchi. The protective 'c's of cartilage also provide protection to the digestive system's esophagus right behind it.
9 left bronchus ^^ The left one has a sharper bend due to the presence of the heart and major blood vessels directly underneath it.
10 bronchiole ^^ Each bronchus divides and subdivides into smaller and smaller branches, the bronchioles, just like tree branches that get smaller as they grow up and out. By the time the air has reached here from outside, it has been warmed up to body temperature, filtered and moisturized.
11 alveoli These tiny air cells, or sacs, are the 'leaves' of our respiratory tree. They resemble bunches of grapes and are the link between the respiratory and circulatory systems. Gas exchange happens here - I'll trade you fresh oxygen (O2) for your used carbon dioxide (CO2). Now trace the route of the old air back out to the nose.
* throat The throat includes all the structures lying in front of the spinal column including the mouth, tongue, pharynx, tonsils, larynx and trachea.
* trachea, bronchi and bronchioles These three portions of our airways also have rings of muscle along their length as well as glands lining them. These glands produce mucous that traps particles of dirt. Eventually, this sticky stuff and its trapped dirt are coughed up and cleared out. With asthma, these sensitive muscles tighten, making all the airways smaller and more difficult to breath through, and excessive mucus is produced, sometimes flooding the airways.
Respiratory Diseases
1) Lung cance
2) Chronic bronchitis (bronchi become inflammed and narrowed)
3) Emphysema - burst of alveoli during caughing.
4) Asthma - narrowing of air passage
5) Tuberculosis (TB) - bacteria infection.
Harmful Substances to Respiratory System
1) Tar - present in cigaratte
2) Nicotine - addiction to smoking
3) CO - reduces the oxygen -carrying power of blood
4) SO - corrodes the walls of the air passage.
5) Asbestos dust - breathing difficulty. It is carcinogen and cause lung cancer
6) Toxis - cause pneumonia and tuberculosis
7) Haze - cause throat irritation, inflammation of the respiratoryh tract and breathing difficulties
- To live
- To get energy
All the cells in your body require oxygen. Without it, they couldn't move, build, reproduce, and turn food into energy. In fact, without oxygen, they and you would die! Breaking of glucose with the present of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water and energy is something tested in PMR exams.
Glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy
How do you get oxygen? From breathing in air which your blood circulates to all parts of the body.
How do you breathe?
You breathe with the help of your diaphragm and other muscles in your chest and abdomen. These muscles literally change the space and pressure inside your body to accomodate breathing. When your diaphragm pulls down, it not only leaves more space for the lungs to expand but also lowers the internal air pressure. Outside, where the air pressure is greater, you suck in air in an inhale. The air then expands your lungs like a pair of balloons. When your diaphragm relaxes, the cavity inside your body gets smaller again. Your muscles squeeze your rib cage and your lungs begin to collapse as the air is pushed up and out your body in an exhale.
So, it all starts at the nose?
Yup. About 20 times a minute, you breathe in. When you do, you inhale air and pass it through your nasal passages where the air is filtered, heated, moistened and enters the back of the throat. Interestingly enough, it's the esophagus or foodpipe which is located at the back of the throat and the windpipe for air which is located at the front. When we eat, a flap -- the epiglottis -- flops down to cover the windpipe so that food doesn't go down the windpipe.
So -- back to breathing -- the air has a long journey to get to your lungs. It flows down through the windpipe, past the voice box or vocal cords, to where the lowermost ribs meet the center of your chest. There, your windpipe divides into two tubes which lead to the two lungs which fill most of your ribcage. Inside each of your sponge-like lungs, tubes, called bronchi, branch into even smaller tubes much like the branches of a tree. At the end of these tubes are millions of tiny bubbles or sacs called aleoli. Spread out flat, all the air sacs in the lungs of an adult would cover an area about the third of a tennis court.
What do these sacs do?
They help perform an incredible magic act. Your air sacs bring new oxygen from air you've breathed to your bloodstream. They exchange it for waste products, like carbon dioxide, which the cells in your body have made and can't use.
How does this exchange work?
With the help of the red blood cells in your bloodstream. Your red blood cells are like box cars on train tracks. They show up at the sacs at just the right time, ready to trade in old carbon dioxide that your body's cells have made for some new oxygen you've just breathed in. In the process, these red blood cells turn from purple to that beautiful red color as they start carrying the oxygen to all the cells in your body.
But what happens to the carbon dioxide?
It goes through the lungs, back up your windpipe and out with every exhale. It's a remarkable feat, this chemical exchange and breathing in and out. You don't have to tell your lungs to keep working. Your brain does it automatically for you.
Factoids
Your lungs contain almost 1500 miles of airways and over 300 million alveoli.
Every minute you breathe in 13 pints of air.
Plants are our partners in breathing. We breathe in air, use the oxygen in it, and release carbon dioxide. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Thank goodness!
People tend to get more colds in the winter because we're indoors more often and in close proximity to other people. When people sneeze, cough and even breathe -- germs go flying!
In summary student need to understand how and why air enters the lungs during inhalation and why and how it leaves the lungs during exhalation.
This must be memorized by students
a) 5 steps during inhalation and exhalation
b) Structure of lungs which consists of nasal cavity, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles and alveolus.
5 steps in inhalation
a) external intercostal muscles contract while internal set relaxes.
b) Diaphragm contracts and flatten
c) Ribs cages moves upwards and outwards. This increase volume of thoracic cavity and decreasing the pressure.
d) Pressure in lungs is lower than the atmospheric pressure.
e) Air from outside enters the lungs
1 nose
A nose is a nose is a nose. Smelling, tasting and breathing all start here. The size, location, mucous lining and tiny hairs (cilia) inside help prevent foreign objects to enter and to trap large air impurities before being drawn further into the respiratory system. Achooo! Out with the bad... bugs and carbon dioxide.
2 mouth
Mouth breathing can also be remembered as 'the big gulp', or 'plan 'B'' for air entry. Like the nose, it has many functions. It is the starting point of the digestive system as well as a secondary inhaler and exhaler.
3 larynx
The larynx has three main functions: 1) a passageway for air, 2) a valve to close off the air passage from the digestive one (the epiglottis) like a hinged trap door, and 3) as a voice box.
This is only for information and will not be testing in PMR
4 lung
The lungs are the essential organs of respiration. The main function of the lungs is to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen and vice versa. Each lung is enclosed separately within two membranes, like a balloon inside a bag inside a bag.
5 right bronchus ^^ There are 2 main bronchi (Latin plural of bronchus): the right and left, each leading to a lung. If you accidentally breathe, or aspirate, a very small piece of food that gets past the trachea, it is most likely to fall and be pulled into the right main bronchus. If a peanut gets this far, what do you think could happen?
6 diaphragm This muscular structure acts as a floor to the chest (thoracic) cavity as well as a roof to the abdomen. It helps to expand and contract the lungs, forcing air into and out of them.
7 pharynx* The pharynx is shared with the digestive system from the tongue down to the epiglottis. Food goes on down the esophagus and air passes on through the trachea - but never both at the same time!
8 trachea* ^^ This armored tube allows air to pass beyond the larynx to where it divides into the left and right bronchi. The protective 'c's of cartilage also provide protection to the digestive system's esophagus right behind it.
9 left bronchus ^^ The left one has a sharper bend due to the presence of the heart and major blood vessels directly underneath it.
10 bronchiole ^^ Each bronchus divides and subdivides into smaller and smaller branches, the bronchioles, just like tree branches that get smaller as they grow up and out. By the time the air has reached here from outside, it has been warmed up to body temperature, filtered and moisturized.
11 alveoli These tiny air cells, or sacs, are the 'leaves' of our respiratory tree. They resemble bunches of grapes and are the link between the respiratory and circulatory systems. Gas exchange happens here - I'll trade you fresh oxygen (O2) for your used carbon dioxide (CO2). Now trace the route of the old air back out to the nose.
* throat The throat includes all the structures lying in front of the spinal column including the mouth, tongue, pharynx, tonsils, larynx and trachea.
* trachea, bronchi and bronchioles These three portions of our airways also have rings of muscle along their length as well as glands lining them. These glands produce mucous that traps particles of dirt. Eventually, this sticky stuff and its trapped dirt are coughed up and cleared out. With asthma, these sensitive muscles tighten, making all the airways smaller and more difficult to breath through, and excessive mucus is produced, sometimes flooding the airways.
Respiratory Diseases
1) Lung cance
2) Chronic bronchitis (bronchi become inflammed and narrowed)
3) Emphysema - burst of alveoli during caughing.
4) Asthma - narrowing of air passage
5) Tuberculosis (TB) - bacteria infection.
Harmful Substances to Respiratory System
1) Tar - present in cigaratte
2) Nicotine - addiction to smoking
3) CO - reduces the oxygen -carrying power of blood
4) SO - corrodes the walls of the air passage.
5) Asbestos dust - breathing difficulty. It is carcinogen and cause lung cancer
6) Toxis - cause pneumonia and tuberculosis
7) Haze - cause throat irritation, inflammation of the respiratoryh tract and breathing difficulties
Friday, July 22, 2011
Monday, July 18, 2011
Abortion
Anticipated side effects following an abortion:
The following is a list of side effects that are frequently experienced following an abortion. It is possible that you may experience these side effects for up to 2 to 4 weeks following the procedure.
- Abdominal pain and cramping
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
- Spotting and Bleeding
Potential more serious complications following an abortion.
Although serious complications only occur in less than 1 out of 100 first trimester abortions and approximately 1 out of every 50 late term abortions; it is important to know the possible risks:
- Heavy or persistent bleeding
- Infection or sepsis
- Damage to the cervix
- Scarring of the uterine lining
- Perforation of the uterus
- Damage to other organs
- Death
It is important to understand that these risks are rare and some are even present with child birth. What matters is that you are aware that they exist as you make an educated decision about your pregnancy.
If you have had an abortion, call your doctor and seek medical attention if your side effects become severe or if you experience any of the following:
- Severe abdominal and back pain that prohibits you from standing up
- Bleeding that is heavier than a normal menstrual period
- Foul-smelling discharge
- Fever above 100.4 F
- Continuing symptoms of pregnancy
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