Waves

Coiled springs are excellent materials for analyzing a variety of wave behaviors. In
this activity, you will examine transverse and longitudinal pulses, fixed- and free-end reflections, constructive and destructive interference, standing waves, and the behavior of waves when they reach new transmitting media.

A. Send a transverse pulse down a stretched large coil spring. Observe the motion of the
spring’s coils. Draw a sketch of the pulse traveling down the spring.



Why is this pulse called a transverse pulse?

B. Observe the speed of the pulse while varying the pulse amplitude. What happens to the
speed of the pulse as the amplitude changes?



C. Observe the speed of the pulse while varying the tension in the spring. What do you notice
about the pulse speed with respect to changes in tension?



D. Does the stretched spring under different tensions represent the same or different
transmitting media?



E. Maintain a constant tension and send continuous wave trains of varying frequencies down
the spring. What happens to the wavelength as the frequency increases?



WAVE INTERFERNCE

F. Send two pulses of approximately the same amplitude from opposite ends of the spring
toward each other on the same side of the spring. What do you observe?




Do the two disturbances “bounce off” each other or pass right through each other?

What do you notice when the pulses “overlap”?



Draw sketches showing the pulses, labeled “A” and “B”, before, during, and after they
meet.






G. Send two pulses of approximately the same amplitude from opposite ends of the spring
toward each other on opposite sides of the spring. What do you observe?




Do the two disturbances “bounce off” each other or pass right through each other?

What do you notice when the pulses “overlap”?



Draw sketches showing the pulses (labeled “A” and “B”) before, during, and after they
meet.







WAVE REFLECTION

H. Hold the spring firmly down in place at the far end and send a pulse down the spring.
Describe and illustrate your observations of reflection from this “fixed end.”






I. Attach and hold a light string on one end of the spring and send a pulse from the other
end. Describe and illustrate your observations of reflection from this “free end.”






WAVE BEHAVIOR AT MEDIA BOUNDARIES

J. Attach the two springs together and send a pulse from the large spring. Record your
observations.





K. What happens to the wave speed when the pulse goes from the large spring to the small
spring?

.…from the small spring into the large spring?


L. Did you notice any reflection when the pulse reached the junction where the two springs
were connected?

Did more of the wave seem to be transmitted or reflected?

Think of a common example where light waves partially reflect and partially transmit when
they reach the boundary of the transmitting media.



STANDING WAVES

M. While holding one end of the large spring firmly in place, move the other end of the spring
continuously back and forth to send a continuous wave train down the spring. Adjust your
frequency until a standing wave with two “loops” is obtained.
Now change your frequency of vibration until more loops are formed. Since the speed of
the wave remains constant (do you know why?), shaking the spring with a higher frequency
does what to the wavelength?


In order to obtain standing waves with more loops when the speed of the wave is constant,
what must be done to the frequency of vibration?


How could you determine the wavelength of the wave when a standing wave pattern is
observed?


Draw sketches of standing waves having one, two, three, and four loops. Indicate on your
sketches how the wavelength could be measured.





LONGITUDINAL PULSES

N. Stretch the large spring and send a longitudinal pulse down the spring. Observe the
motion of the spring coils. Draw a sketch of the pulse traveling down the spring.


Why is this pulse called a longitudinal pulse?








Note:
Wave properties such as diffraction and refraction unfortunately cannot be observed with coiled springs.